The goal of this job is to review the effect out-of reproduce and many years towards egg design and the egg outside and you will interior top quality during the five Italian dual-goal types , at the beginning and several days afterwards than simply basic weeks putting passion one to happened, respectively, at the end of summer/start of autumn plus in cold temperatures, lower than changeable environment conditions.

dos.1. Dogs and you will Rearing Criteria

Four Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), was in fact experienced for the research. The body lbs away from mature women is step one.twenty-five kg when you look at the PP, 2.30 kilogram from inside the Emergency room and you may step three.05 kg inside RM and you can RL. The provider ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP was a classic regional breed; their provider is actually dated back to the XIX century, but zero specific study for the its genetic source are present. Others types are manufactured into the Veneto from inside the 1950s: the fresh Er reproduce comes from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and you can Rhode Island (brown eggshell breed) breeds, whereas with the RM and you may RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you may White America, a couple of brown eggshell types were used . And the mature weight, such types disagree in their plumage the colour: it is wonderful for the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is predominantly white that have black colored extremities in a lot of regions of one’s human anatomy, black colored feathers off primaries and you will end and RL suggests a tawny plumage with black feathers out-of primaries and you may tail. Most of the types (Contour S1) show single brush and you may set shaded eggshell egg (Shape S2).

2. Material and methods

Birds from for every single reproduce hatched meanwhile (second half out-of e farm of one’s Heart getting Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance about Veneto area (they consistently provides for new rearing of them types too when it comes to eggs creation for incubation and you will brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), off hatching toward pubertal ages and you can about laying period, and this started regarding avoid of june with the start of fall (Shape step one), according to reproduce. Feeding, rearing requirements (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis procedures was an equivalent on five breeds, ever since regarding hatching towards end of your own learned period, which was during the , at the 53 months of age. The brand new newly hatched chicks was in fact left inside for the basic cuatro weeks out of lifestyle, during the an environmental heat coming down from 32 in order to 24 °C, less than infra-red-colored light lighting fixtures, with the litter. At 1.5 weeks of age, the birds were given totally free entry to outdoor places, out-of springtime in order to fall and you may wintertime. For each breed (60 hens) had free access to outside (5 m dos /bird) space (equipped with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens stayed all day long, also to indoor (cuatro hens/meters dos ) space (timber shavings and straw litter, having perches and you can circular feeders), mainly used for laying eggs (collective nests) and also at night; the room (interior and you will outdoor) accessible to per reproduce was split by netting.

At the outset of installing (at about 22 months of age to your reproduce having earlier start of putting), within the September–October, depending on the reproduce, the new photoperiod are pure and you may coming down, depending on the season therefore the geographic standing of one’s demo station for the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd months (regarding 38 months old, from December so you’re able to 53 weeks of age), artificial white is actually gradually improved (when you look at the interior place, incandescent bulb, regarding 60 lux) to track down good photoperiod off 14L:10D. The newest photoperiod is actually regulated by the a timekeeper, and it is attained by switching on this new light an hour before sunrise and you will shutting off it an hour or so just after sunset. The fresh outside environment temperatures is actually ten ± step 3.cuatro °C and you can eleven ± step three.0 °C, correspondingly, into first (right from the start away from Oct toward end out of November) together with 2nd (from the beginning out-of January with the prevent off March) putting symptoms, if the analysis with the give efficiency and egg top quality was in fact compiled. Brand new pet got post libitum commercial feeds considering its emotional phase (three varied commercial feeds within the broadening months). Into basic installing stage (26–33 weeks of age, below coming down sheer photoperiod), in the event that breeds come installing, this new birds got a professional pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = 9.1%, Me = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), during the a ratio of 1:step one. It’s well worth remembering that, at that age, just the dual-mission and you can tinted eggshell breeds shown a variable onset of installing and egg production rates, whereas the newest hens belonging to the almost every other kinds of the Preservation Center for Biodiversity and you may hatched at the same time of one’s learned types, including the light eggshell types, didn’t start putting (Padovana breed) or they showed a highly scant laying pastime (Polverara breed), never reaching the threshold out of 10% hen–day eggs Dominikanska kvinnor Г¤ktenskap design. The cause of the choice of the latest Maintenance Middle, never to fool around with a rss feed to have installing hens through the this era, is because of perhaps not forcing new pullets so you’re able to egg development through the a month that have decreasing heat and you can photoperiod. Brand new wild birds grew outside, significantly less than favorable requirements to own skeletal wellness, walking on floor and less than solar power rays. Throughout the outdoor area for every single reproduce, the clear presence of yard open to the fresh wild birds is actually highest through the the fresh new broadening several months than just on start of laying, and this taken place adopting the summer-time, when the rain is actually scarce and you will did not support a great yard regrowth. Out-of 38 so you can 53 days old, and you may below broadening photoperiod, the fresh hens was given a commercial pelleted offer to have laying (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kg, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All the nourishes comprised primarily from maize and soybean.